Double Perspectives on Climate: Past and Future presents a comprehensive scientific exploration of the Earth’s climate system from two temporal viewpoints—past and future. Through an interdisciplinary approach, the author examines how climate has naturally evolved over millennia and how human activities have accelerated these changes in the modern era. The book discusses the science of global warming, climate variability, atmospheric-ocean interactions such as ENSO, and the specific context of climate change in Indonesia, which is heavily influenced by regional phenomena like monsoons and the Indian Ocean Dipole.

Supported by clear illustrations, observational data, and global climate models, this book guides readers in understanding the complex interactions among the atmosphere, oceans, land surface, and human activities that shape the Earth’s climate system. Each chapter is complemented with exercises designed to enhance students’ and young researchers’ understanding of climate physics and modern Earth science.

Serving not only as a textbook for undergraduate students in physics and environmental sciences but also as essential reading for anyone seeking to comprehend the scientific foundations of climate change, this book bridges knowledge and awareness. By offering two perspectives—the past as a lesson and the future as a warning—it emphasizes the importance of scientific insight and collective action for sustaining life on our planet.